Industrial Oils Technical File

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Oil pollution control is an important factor to maintain the stability of the hydraulic system

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Ding Yuanying

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Hydraulic oil will be slowly oxidized due to long-term high temperature and high pressure. If the oil contains too much impurities or too much moisture, it will accelerate the degradation of the oil, and the coking will gradually adhere to the pipeline like bitumen compound glue. And in the valve body, and the action of the valve will be stuck like a stone over time. Such contaminants are not even easy to filter out with the oil filter, because the gums may be directly produced on the valve body. Cause the oil temperature to rise even more. When the oil temperature is higher than 60~70℃, the hydraulic oil will accelerate the deterioration, corrode the rubber of each part, and the wear coefficient between the oil seals will increase, which will cause oil leakage. In addition to the oil filter, it must be cleaned frequently More importantly, prevent impurities from entering.

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There are several ways to cause impurities in hydraulic oil:

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During the assembly process: impurities in the environment or cutting iron chips.

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Hydraulic oil quality: the oil is dirty and the water content is too high (it is recommended to pack the oil in a new barrel)

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Wear of valve parts: caused by the oil temperature being too high or the oil viscosity being too low, resulting in ineffective lubrication.

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Erosion: The impurities that have entered erode the pipe fittings under high-speed motion.

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The wear of other parts: such as the wear of the oil cylinder, piston and oil cylinder. The movement of the pump itself has a sliding phenomenon, so

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How many

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There will be wear particles, which will be more serious when foreign objects invade.

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Hydraulic oil pollution process diagram

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Technical Data Servo and Proportional System CatalogParker Hydraulic Technical Data

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The Handbook of Hydraulic ilitration

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1. Groundwater problem (high hardness, bacterial load is often changing)

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Groundwater is the biggest culprit for the odor of cutting fluid. Especially in summer, the bacterial content increases. Once the concentration is too low and bacteria accumulate to a considerable amount, the cutting fluid will have an unbearable odor.

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2. The concentration control is too low

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Cutting fluid must be measured with a densitometer. The concentration of cutting fluid is inversely proportional to the amount of bacteria. In order to reduce the cost of cutting fluid in many factories, the concentration should be kept to a minimum. In Taiwan, it may be possible in winter. In summer, the concentration of bacteria should be moderately increased. It is very important to maintain the concentration of cutting fluid. Once the concentration of cutting fluid decreases, the amount of bacteria will come up, and it is usually too late to increase it later.

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3. The problem of oil slick in the slideway

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No oil-water separator is installed to emulsify the cutting fluid and slideway oil

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When measuring the concentration of cutting fluid, it will cause false concentration

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4. Cutting of different materials

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At the same time, it is necessary to cut aluminum and iron-based metals, because the ph of aluminum cutting fluid should not be too high, and the ph of iron-based cutting fluid is usually higher, so there is a dilemma.

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Solution:

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1. Choose a higher antibacterial cutting fluid (other factors must be evaluated)

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2. Switch to tap water

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3. Increase the concentration of cutting fluid

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4. Add bactericide outside the tank and mix with cutting fluid

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5. Reduce oil slick on slides

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6. As far as possible single material cutting

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According to statistics, the weight of steel products that cannot be used due to corrosion and rust every year in the world is about 10% to 20% of the annual metal output. Metal corrosion can lead to increased maintenance and early replacement of machinery and equipment, while corrosion of metal products reduces the accuracy and sensitivity of equipment.

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Antirust oil development status

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Antirust oils in industrially developed countries have developed into thin layers and ultra-thin layers, which not only feel good in hand, easy to remove oil film, but also do not affect the appearance of used parts, can meet the needs of modern large-scale production of steel products, and have strong competitiveness. At the same time, according to different places of use, we can develop highly targeted anti-rust products to meet the special needs of users.

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The development trend of anti-rust oil

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Antirust oil has the advantages of good use effect, convenient use, low cost, easy construction, simple operation and easy removal, etc., and has been widely used at home and abroad. With the continuous development of anti-rust technology, the development of anti-rust oil in recent years has shown the following trends:

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1 Versatility

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With the continuous improvement of market requirements, a multi-purpose anti-rust oil has appeared on the market in recent years, which can meet the needs of protection and use of metal products under various conditions. In addition to good anti-rust function, it also has other functions and functions, such as lubrication, cleaning, vibration reduction and other effects. The developed lubricating and anti-rust dual-purpose oils are widely used in internal combustion engines and military industries, and can be used directly without film removal, and the market demand for such anti-rust oils is also increasing.

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2 Thin oil film thickness

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The thickness of the anti-rust oil used in industrialized countries is very thin, and thin layers and ultra-thin layers of anti-rust oil have appeared successively. The thickness of the oil film can reach several microns, the appearance of the used parts is beautiful, and there is no sticky feeling when touched by hand. This not only saves a lot of anti-rust oil, reduces the cost of use, but also reduces other losses. In my country, the oil film of general anti-rust oil can reach more than 20m, which not only affects the appearance of the coating, limits the scope of use, but also causes a lot of waste and loss.

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3 low viscosity

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In the case of meeting the conditions of use, the viscosity of the anti-rust oil should be reduced as much as possible. Low viscosity is easy to coat, and can effectively reduce the thickness of the oil film, which can achieve the purpose of saving and reducing losses.

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4Higher environmental protection requirements

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With the increasingly strict requirements of environmental protection regulations and the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, corresponding requirements are also put forward for the composition and use of anti-rust oils. Therefore, anti-rust materials that meet environmental protection requirements are used to develop biodegradable anti-rust Rust oil products have gradually become the mainstream of the development of anti-rust oils.

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Deterioration of hydraulic oil

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After the hydraulic oil is added to the lubrication system, three changes occur, one is the change in the acid value of the lubricating oil itself, the other is the change in the increase of the water content, and the third is the change caused by the intrusion of foreign dirt. The three are collectively called \"deterioration\".

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1. Changes in acid value:

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Petroleum-based or non-petroleum-based lubricating oils are organic compounds. Under high temperature and high-speed stirring, they are easily oxidized by air. First, oxygen-containing oil-soluble compounds are formed, then organic acids are formed, and finally oil-insoluble compounds are formed. \"Resins\". . During the oxidation process, the acid value of the oil will increase, the viscosity will change under high pressure, and the oil color will become darker. When the acid value of the oil reaches a certain level, the oil will slowly produce tar-like coke compounds such as viscose, which will gradually adhere to the pipeline and valve body, and over time, the valve will be stuck like a stone. Actions. Such pollutants are not even easy to filter out by the oil filter, because the gelatin may be directly generated on the valve body and should not be used continuously. The old oil should be removed immediately, and the oil tank should be cleaned and replaced with new oil.

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2. Changes in water content

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Hydraulic oil is long-term and water vapor in the air, and the water condensed in the operating oil pressure tank

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Moisture can increase wear, reduce pressure, and stick valves, accelerate metal corrosion, and multiply particulate impurities as internal components wear out, producing sludge

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3. Foreign dirt

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The dust and dirt contained in the air, the solid fine particles polluted in the air inside the factory,

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These fine sludge particles cannot be dissolved in the oil, and will follow the lubricating oil in the system in a suspended state. When they touch the metal surface of the component with a lower temperature during the circulation process, it is easy to gather together. With the accumulation of time, the fine sludge carbon particles gradually adhere to the surface of the metal, especially after a long time of temperature, the sticky sludge that may have been gelatinous will slowly form a hard and bright paint film-like residue thing.

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Based on the above phenomena, it is recommended to use new oil when the pollution components exceed a certain limit due to acidification and oxidation formation, colloid, sludge, carbon deposition, etc.

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Viscosity classification comparison table

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cSt : @ 40℃

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ISO: Viscosity grade

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AGMA : Number of numbers

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SAE : Gear Oil Viscosity Number

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SAE : Viscosity Number

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Common : Common base oils

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cSt : @ 100℃

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● Do not use mobile phones at work, do not smoke

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● Avoid static electricity and keep away from fire

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● In rainy days, avoid contact with rainwater as much as possible

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● Work as far upwind as possible to avoid inhaling solvent vapors

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● Avoid direct skin contact as much as possible

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● When poisoning occurs, move the person to a ventilated place, keep his body temperature, and seek medical attention immediately

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1. Solubility

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The lower the aniline point of the petroleum solvent, the stronger the solvency. The aniline point can directly provide information on the composition of the solvent. The higher the content of aromatic hydrocarbons, the lower the aniline point. In addition, the K-B value (Kauri-Butanol Value) is commonly used in the paint industry to measure the solubility of the solvent. . Generally, the K-B value of aliphatic petroleum solvents is usually between 20 and 30, naphthenic hydrocarbons are slightly higher, and pure aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene are as high as 100 or more. The larger the K-B value, the stronger the solubility.

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2. Volatile

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The volatility of the solvent is also important due to the need for processing and recycling, as well as to save energy consumption. The volatility of the solvent used in the coating industry also affects the surface quality of the coating during construction, so the volatility of the solvent must be controlled. Volatility can be measured by distillation range. In addition, volatility is also related to odor and safety issues. High-volatile solvents usually have a heavy oily smell and a low flash point, which affects the safety of use.

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Explanation on the Normative Explanation of the Oil Supply Behavior Before the Full Liberalization of the Oil Products Market by the Fair Trade Commission of the Executive Yuan

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1. Background description

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Due to the liberalization of the domestic oil market, in accordance with the plan of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the first stage was carried out in January 1988, in accordance with the \"Administrative Regulations on the Operation Permits of the Import and Export of Petroleum and Petroleum Products, Production and Sales Business\" authorized by the Energy Management Law. Open up the import of fuel oil, jet fuel and liquefied petroleum gas. As for the timing of the full liberalization of oil products in the second stage, the original plan was to fully open up the free import of oil products in July this year (1989). However, as the \"Draft Petroleum Management Law\" is still under consideration by the Legislative Yuan, the timing of full-scale oil market liberalization has not yet been determined. However, as far as domestic oil refiners are concerned, the diesel and kerosene petroleum products produced by Formosa Petrochemical Co., Ltd. were issued a business license by the Ministry of Economic Affairs on May 9, 1989, allowing them to be sold on the market. , The company's gasoline products are also preparing for listing. It is obvious that the second oil source in the domestic automotive oil market (ie gasoline and diesel) will join the competition in the domestic oil market one after another in the near future.

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Regarding the oil supply contracts signed between oil product suppliers (referred to as oil suppliers) and gas stations before the liberalization of the oil product market, this Council has passed a resolution at the 326th Committee Meeting on January 26, 1987 , If the contract period of the oil supply contract exceeds the time of domestic oil liberalization or imported oil liberalization, and involves exclusive oil supply terms, it will directly hinder the new entrants from entering the market and seriously affect the oil liberalization. Policy objectives, the oil supplier is involved in violation of the provisions of Article 10, paragraph 1 of the Fair Trade Act. Although the timing of the full liberalization of oil products in the second stage has not yet been determined, since the beginning of 1989, major domestic oil product suppliers, gas station associations and gas station operators have Whether the oil supply contract terms and contract-related behaviors signed between operators and gas stations, oil product distributors and bulk users (referred to as counterparties) involve violations of the Fair Trade Law, that is, we are very concerned about it, and repeatedly report to them. The Association will ask. On June 14, 1989, the Association also invited oil suppliers including PetroChina, Formosa Plastics, Taiwan Esso, etc., as well as gas station-related industry associations in Taiwan Province, Taipei City, Kaohsiung City, Yilan County, Kaohsiung County, etc. Representatives, we will jointly hold a meeting to discuss this issue, so as to gather opinions from all walks of life.

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In view of the fact that before the full liberalization of the oil market, new oil suppliers have not yet fully participated in the market, and the existing oil suppliers in the market still have a monopoly position, adding that oil and oil products are important livelihood resources, which are closely related to people's daily life and society. Economic development is closely related. In order to maintain the order of market transactions and the interests of consumers, and to ensure fair competition, we specially refer to the opinions of the symposium held by the Association on June 14, 1989, and summarize and analyze the current oil supply companies and trading counterparties, and oil supply contracts. and its related behaviors, which may involve behaviors that violate the Fair Trade Law. This specification has been developed to facilitate the compliance of the industry and serve as a reference for the association to handle related cases.

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2. Forms of conduct involving violations of the Fair Trade Law

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(1) Oil-cutting behavior: If an oil supplier with a monopoly position cuts off the oil supply to a gas station, oil dealer or bulk user without justifiable reasons, it will involve unfair methods, directly or indirectly hindering him The enterprise participates in competition or engages in other acts of abusing its monopoly position, which may violate the provisions of paragraph 1 or 4 of Article 10 of the Fair Trade Act.

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(2) Restrictions on terminating contracts: Before the full liberalization of the oil market, when new oil suppliers have not fully participated in the market, in the oil supply contracts concluded between oil suppliers and their trading counterparties, it is advisable to give gas stations , oil product distributors or bulk users, etc., may terminate the contract with a prior notice, so as not to hinder new entrants from entering the market, resulting in the effect of restricting competition. If the oil supplier fails to specify in the contract the right to terminate the contract for gas stations, etc., or requests high compensation when the contract is terminated, etc., restricting the counterparty's right to terminate the contract in the middle of the contract without justifiable reasons, which may restrict competition or hinder the If there is a risk of fair competition, it will involve the condition of improperly restricting the business activities of the counterparty, and the conduct of trading with them may violate the provisions of Paragraph 6 of Article 19 of the Fair Trade Act.

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(3) Acts of differential treatment: If an oil supplier engages in the following acts of differential treatment without justifiable reasons, and there is a risk of restricting or hindering fair competition, it will involve differential treatment of other businesses without justifiable reasons, which will violate fairness The risk stipulated in the second paragraph of Article 19 of the Exchange Act:

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1. Before the full liberalization of the oil market, that is, when new oil suppliers have not fully participated in the market, oil suppliers have not signed long-term oil supply contracts, long-term exclusive transactions, or have not participated in chain franchising. Distributors or bulk users, etc., are subject to differential treatment for the following matters:

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(1) Oil trading conditions: such as oil prices, discounts, payment terms and availability for credit sales, etc.

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(2) Incidental payments related to oil product transactions: such as the oil supply connection of oil depots (POS, namely retail point of sale system), whether the trademark of the oil supplier is authorized to use, etc.

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2. Oil product suppliers refuse to supply oil products without justifiable reasons to oil product distributors, or to gas stations, oil product dealers or bulk users that have their own oil product brands or have traded with competitors.

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(4) Incentive behavior: When an oil product supplier promotes its oil products, if there is coercion, inducement or other illegitimate methods to the gas stations, oil product distributors or bulk users that have signed oil supply contracts with it, Such as giving relevant equipment and services, or sharing their costs, losses, obligations to return, compensation for damages, etc., so that competitors (other oil product suppliers) trading counterparties and their own behavior, which may restrict competition or hinder fair competition. There is a risk of violating the provisions of Paragraph 3 of Article 19 of the Fair Trade Act.

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(5) Restrictions on resale prices: Oil suppliers have restrictions on resale of the oil they supply to a third party or to a third party for resale by gas stations, oil distributors or bulk users. The price is likely to violate Article 18 of the Fair Trade Act.

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(6) Acts of restricting sales areas and targets: Oil suppliers will violate Article 19, Paragraph 6 of the Fair Trade Act if they restrict their sales areas or targets for gas stations and oil distributors without justifiable reasons. Danger of regulations.

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(7) Tying sales: When an oil supplier sells oil, if there is no legitimate reason, it requires gas stations, oil distributors or bulk users to purchase other products at the same time, which will violate the 19th Fair Trade Law Article 6 paragraph 6 of the risk.

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(8) Fraudulent or apparently unfair behavior: Oil suppliers who interfere with the free trading decisions of gas stations, oil distributors or bulk users in other ways that violate effective competition or business ethics, and are sufficient to affect the order of market transactions , there is a risk of violating Article 24 of the Fair Trade Act.

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(9) Abuse of monopoly position: An oil supplier with a monopoly position, if it abuses its monopoly position, conducts the aforementioned acts such as (2) restrictions on termination of contracts, (3) acts of differential treatment, (4) acts of inducement, ( 5) Acts of restricting resale prices, (6) Acts of restricting sales areas and targets, (7) Acts of tying sales, (8) Other acts that are deceptive or obviously unfair, which may violate the provisions of Article 10 of the Fair Trade Act .

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(10) Combined behavior: If the oil supplier and the gas station or oil distributor have a control and subordination relationship with each other, the definition of combined behavior stipulated in Paragraph 1 of Article 6 of the Fair Trade Law is met, and it is consistent with the Fair Trade Law. Those who have the requirements for joint notification specified in Paragraph 1 of Article 11 shall submit a notification to the Association before the act of combining. An enterprise shall not join within 30 days from the date when the Association accepts its complete application materials, but the Association may shorten or extend the period when it deems it necessary, and notify the notifying enterprise in writing. Article 6, Paragraph 1 of the Fair Trading Law stipulates that the combined conduct includes:

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1. Merger with other businesses;

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2. Holds or acquires shares or capital contributions of other enterprises, which amount to one-third or more of the voting shares or total capital of other enterprises;

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3. Acquired or leased all or a major part of the business or property of another enterprise;

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4. Frequent joint operations with other businesses or entrusted operators by other businesses;

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5. Those who directly or indirectly control the business operation or personnel appointment or dismissal of other enterprises. Paragraph 1, Article 11 of the Fair Trade Act stipulates that when businesses are combined, if there is one of the following circumstances, a notification shall be made to the Association in advance: 1. The market share of the business has reached one-third due to the combination; 2. The market share of one of the enterprises participating in the merger is one-fourth; 3. The sales amount of the enterprise participating in the merger in the previous fiscal year exceeds the amount announced by the association. The provisions of Article 11-1 of the Fair Trade Act and the provisions of Paragraph 1 of Article 11 of the same Act shall not apply in the following situations:

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1. One of the enterprises participating in the merger has already held more than 50% of the voting shares or capital contribution of the other enterprise, and then merges with the other enterprise.

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2. The same enterprise holds voting shares or a combination of enterprises with a capital contribution of 50% or more.

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3. An enterprise assigns all or a major part of its business, property, or all or a part of its business that can be operated independently to another business that it has established independently.

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4. The enterprise withdraws the shares held by its shareholders in accordance with the proviso of Paragraph 1 of Article 167 of the Company Act or Article 28-2 of the Securities and Exchange Act, so that its original shareholders meet the requirements of Paragraph 1 of Article 6 In the case of subparagraph 2.

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(11) Joint action: Oil suppliers, gas stations, oil distributors or bulk users, if they have an agreement by contract, agreement or other methods, and other businesses that have a competitive relationship, jointly determine the price of goods or services , or restricting the quantity, technology, products, equipment, trading objects, trading areas, etc., and mutually restricting business activities, there is a risk of violating Article 14 of the Fair Trade Act.

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3. Penalties and Legal Responsibilities for Violating the Fair Trade Law

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(1) For those who violate the provisions of the Fair Trade Act, in accordance with the provisions of Article 41 of the same Act, the Association may order him to stop, correct his behavior, or take necessary corrective measures, and may impose a fine of NT$50,000 or more, A fine of not more than 25 million yuan. For those who still fail to stop or correct their behavior, or fail to take necessary corrective measures within the time limit, they may continue to be ordered to stop, correct their behavior, or take necessary corrective measures within a time limit, and they will be punished consecutively between 100,000 yuan and 50 million yuan each time. A fine shall be imposed until the act is stopped, corrected, or necessary corrective measures are taken.

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(2) For those who violate the provisions of Articles 10 and 14 of the Fair Trade Act, in accordance with the provisions of Paragraph 1 of Article 35 of the same law, the Association shall order them to stop and make corrections within a time limit in accordance with the provisions of Article 41 of the same law. If he fails to stop, correct his behavior or take necessary corrective measures within the time limit, or if he stops and then commits the same or similar violation, the offender shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years, short-term imprisonment, or A fine of less than NT$100 million is imposed or combined.

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(3) For those who violate the provisions of Article 19 of the Fair Trade Law, in accordance with the provisions of Article 36 of the same law, the Association shall order them to stop, correct their behavior, or take necessary corrective measures within a time limit in accordance with the provisions of Article 41 of the same law. , and fails to stop, correct its behavior or take necessary corrective measures within the time limit, or to stop and then commit the same or similar violations, the perpetrator will be punished with imprisonment for not more than two years, short-term detention, or a fine or combined fine of NT$5 A fine of not more than ten million yuan.

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(4) Combining in violation of Paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article 11 of the Fair Trade Act, or having been prohibited from combining by the central competent authority after reporting, or failing to comply with Paragraph 2 of Article 12 in order to secure the combination If the overall economic interests outweigh the unprofitable interests of restricting competition, and the additional burdens, in accordance with the provisions of Article 13 of the same Act, the Association may prohibit them from combining, order them to separate businesses within a time limit, dispose of all or part of their shares, transfer part of their business, Dismissal from office, or other necessary sanctions. For those who violate the previous punishment, the Association may order the dissolution, cessation of business or order to suspend business; and at the same time, in accordance with the provisions of Article 40 of the Fair Trade Act, a fine of not less than NT$100,000 but not more than NT$50 million may be imposed. Penalty. Those who violate the provisions of Paragraph 2, Paragraph 5, Article 11 of the Fair Trade Act shall be subject to a fine of not less than NT$50,000 but not more than NT$500,000.

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(5) If an enterprise violates the provisions of the Fair Trade Act, in addition to being criminally or administratively liable, it must also be liable for damages in accordance with Chapter 5 of the same law.

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4. This specification is only to illustrate that before the full liberalization of the oil market, when new oil suppliers have not fully participated in the market, relevant oil suppliers, gas stations, oil distributors or bulk users may violate fair trade. The behavior of the law. If there are any incompleteness in the description of this specification, we will supplement and revise it at any time, but the handling of relevant cases still needs to be re-confirmed on the basis of specific facts. 5. The Association will review and revise this specification in accordance with the timetable for the liberalization of the domestic oil market.

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Original source: http://www.ftc.gov.tw/2000010129990101190.htm

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1. Preface

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1. The domestic oil product market is dominated by two companies, CNPC and Formosa Petrochemical, and the price of oil products is adjusted by the companies themselves according to the cost of imported crude oil. The government manages it in accordance with the Petroleum Management Law, and in principle does not intervene in oil price adjustments except during emergencies.

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2. International oil prices soared last year, rising by more than US$70 per barrel at one point in August. Considering economic stability, the government requested CNPC to suspend price increases; in order to reduce the burden on the industry. Afterwards, the international oil price trended down, temporarily lifting the pressure on price adjustment.

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3. Since January this year, international oil prices have soared again, and CNPC is under pressure to adjust prices due to the expansion of losses. President Xie has not adjusted prices for the time being due to social perceptions; there are polar voices in China that CNPC should not adjust prices or that the government should not intervene in oil prices.

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4. Oil is the main source of domestic energy supply and has a huge impact on people's livelihood and industrial competitiveness. In view of the possibility of large fluctuations in international oil prices in the future, it is necessary to re-establish the oil price mechanism in order to prevent the government from falling into the dispute over oil price adjustment for a long time, clarify the roles and functions of the government and the industry, including state-owned enterprises and private enterprises in the market, to ensure oil products. normal functioning of the market.

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2. Changes in international oil prices and their possible impact

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1. Short-term international oil prices fluctuate frequently

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(1) In recent years, the international oil supply and demand is still roughly balanced, but the supply and demand variables are very large, especially the unstable oil supply caused by the political fluctuations in oil-producing regions such as the Middle East and Latin America, resulting in abnormal fluctuations in oil prices; the average price of crude oil (WTI) in 2005 A barrel of about 56.6 US dollars, estimated in 2006, a barrel of about 53 to 73 US dollars. It is generally believed that the possibility of a third energy crisis is not high due to the absence of a large imbalance between supply and demand in the short term; however, the possibility of uncontrollable oil prices caused by sudden factors (such as the Iranian oil embargo) cannot be completely ruled out.

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(2) Short-term oil price fluctuations will inevitably impact the domestic economy and prices, but if the international oil price is within US$70 per barrel, the impact will not be too great.

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2. Mid- and long-term international oil price trends and impacts

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(1) If the global oil demand is estimated to grow by an average of 1.5% to 2% per year, the oil demand will increase by about 35% to 49% by 2025; relatively, the oil supply is far behind the increase in demand, and There are also great restrictions on alternative energy sources (the amount of coal is sufficient, but the pollution is high; the amount of natural gas is limited; renewable energy including wind power, hydropower, solar energy, etc. is estimated to be less than 1%), therefore, the international oil price in the medium and long term may rise sharply. Hard to avoid.

\r\n

(2) In view of the long-term upward trend of international oil prices, governments of all countries are actively deploying comprehensive strategies to cope with the rising oil prices, especially the major countries with high dependence on oil imports, including the United States, Japan, China, etc., have more tightly planned long-term energy supply and demand measures, and deliberately Master oil sources around the world.

\r\n

(3) my country relies on imports for 99% of its oil supply. However, due to the long-term low energy prices, the proportion of energy-consuming industries (such as steel and petrochemicals) is relatively high, and the energy intensity continues to rise. If the international oil price is bullish for a long time, it will pose a great threat to the long-term development of Taiwan's economy. A responsible government, in addition to dealing with the short-term oil price issue, must promptly review and plan forward-looking energy policies (including energy prices, energy structure, energy conservation measures, renewable energy development, energy security, etc.), and address related issues including: Conduct a comprehensive review of greenhouse gas emissions and investment in large energy-consuming industries (including Formosa Plastics, Guoguang Petrochemical), and formulate long-term countermeasures.

\r\n

Participate in the current oil price adjustment mechanism and review

\r\n

1. The current oil price mechanism

\r\n

(1) In the early years, the domestic oil market was monopolized by CNPC. In order to reduce disputes over domestic oil price adjustments caused by fluctuations in international oil prices, CNPC formulated an oil price formula as the basis for price adjustment, which was subject to review by the Funding Rate Review Committee. However, since Formosa Petrochemical entered the oil market in September 2000, the oil price formula of CNPC has been cancelled, and the two companies have adjusted their prices according to the cost of imported crude oil. In addition, the Petroleum Management Law was implemented in October 2001, which stipulates (Article 21) that the central competent authority may implement emergency oil control, price restrictions, safety stock adjustment and utilization, etc. Method).

\r\n

(2) From September 2000 to August 2005, CNPC frequently adjusted oil prices in response to changes in international oil prices (from 2000 to 2005, gasoline and diesel prices were adjusted 8 times, 4 times, 6 times, 9 times, 6 times, and 3 times respectively). times); Formosa Petrochemical roughly follows the price adjustment of CNPC.

\r\n

(3) In September 2005, Formosa Petrochemical raised oil prices, but CNPC suspended the price adjustment due to the request of the Executive Yuan, resulting in a substantial change in the market share of oil products. Subsequently, the Executive Yuan considered reducing the burden on the industry and implemented a 25% reduction in the excise tax on gasoline, diesel and fuel oil from October to December.

\r\n

2. Problems arising from self-defined oil prices by the industry

\r\n

The domestic oil market is a double market (CNPC has a market share of about 70%, and Formosa Petrochemical has a market share of 30%). Based on commercial interests, the industry’s self-determined oil prices will inevitably cause the following problems:

\r\n

(1) CNPC and Formosa Petrochemical have a tendency to jointly set prices.

\r\n

(2) The pursuit of profit by the industry often results in the problem of oil prices rising more or less and making huge profits. For example, in the first half of 2005, the profits of PetroChina and Formosa Petrochemical increased sharply, which became an important basis for criticizing that oil prices should not be raised.

\r\n

(3) The efficiency of CNPC is obviously not as good as that of Formosa Petrochemical and foreign companies, and its blindly adjusting prices in response to rising costs will inevitably lead to severe criticism.

\r\n

3. Problems that may arise from intervening in the market

\r\n

If the government intervenes in oil price adjustment, it will inherently stabilize the economy in the short term, but it also has various sequelae:

\r\n

(1) Distorting the price mechanism. If CNPC is not allowed to adjust the price, CNPC will continue to lose money, which will cause the state treasury to subsidize oil users, and may affect the long-term competitiveness of CNPC. In addition, if the oil price does not cover the cost, it will also have an impact on Formosa Petrochemical, which is not feasible in the long run.

\r\n

(2) Affecting the oil safety stock. CNPC loses money to sell oil. Although its market share may increase, it will inevitably affect the normal stock and have a negative impact on the long-term security of oil supply.

\r\n

4. Factors to be considered when dealing with oil price adjustments

\r\n

1. Institutionalized treatment

\r\n

Oil price fluctuations have become normal. If a system cannot be established to deal with it, the government will not only fall into the whirlpool of long-term disputes, but will inevitably affect the people's perception of the government's handling of problems.

\r\n

2. The dual-occupancy nature of the oil market

\r\n

The liberalization of the oil market is a principle that should be followed, but the domestic oil market is a dual-occupancy market, and CNPC is a state-owned enterprise. Therefore, how to promote market competition and guide the rationalization of domestic oil prices is an unavoidable responsibility of the government.

\r\n

The impact of oil prices on the overall economy

\r\n

(1) The increase in oil prices has adverse effects on economic growth and prices. According to the general econometric model, if domestic oil prices rise by 10%, the economic growth rate will decrease by 0.25-0.35 percentage points, and consumer prices will increase by 0.4-0.5 percentage points. . However, past experience shows that the short-term impact of oil price adjustments may be higher than the theoretical model estimates.

\r\n

(2) my country's oil prices have been low for a long time, and if the price adjustment is not large, the impact on international competitiveness will be limited. However, some people advocate that the adjustment of oil prices should be no higher than that of neighboring countries.

\r\n

(3) If the upward trend of oil prices cannot be changed, even if the price is barely adjusted in the short term, it will eventually be forced to increase the price in response to the cost. At that time, a price adjustment will have a profound and wide-ranging psychological impact on the society.

\r\n

4. CNPC's surplus and long-term competitiveness

\r\n

(1) In 2004, CNPC had a surplus of 24.88 billion yuan. In 2005, the accumulated surplus fell to 9.599 billion yuan due to the policy not adjusting prices, a decrease of 15.281 billion yuan, which was also lower than the statutory surplus of 12 billion yuan.

\r\n

(2) At the beginning of this year (2006), the international oil price rose sharply, and CNPC incurred a loss of about 5.1 billion yuan in January. It is estimated that the average oil price this year may be higher than that in 2005, and the loss of CNPC is estimated to reach 30-60 billion yuan.

\r\n

(3) The continuous loss of CNPC will affect the long-term market competitiveness; if Formosa Petrochemical is unwilling to bear losses or convert domestic oil products to export, it may also distort the market structure and cause more sequelae.

\r\n

5. Principles and actions to improve the oil price mechanism

\r\n

1. Principles

\r\n

(1) The government must establish a system to deal with the oil price issue and handle it in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.

\r\n

(2) Considering the dual-occupancy nature of the oil market and the fact that oil prices are closely related to people's livelihood and industrial competitiveness, the government should make appropriate interventions to promote market competition and reasonable oil prices.

\r\n

(3) CNPC is a state-owned enterprise and the largest supplier of oil products in the market. Therefore, the competent authority should give administrative supervision to urge it to fulfill its responsibilities as a state-owned enterprise.

\r\n

(4) The short-term oil price adjustment of CNPC should be based on the principle of appropriately reflecting the increase or decrease of variable costs; in the medium and long term, CNPC should enhance its overall competitiveness, reduce production costs, and promote the rationalization of oil prices; the competent authority should also Fulfill your supervisory responsibilities.

\r\n

(5) In order to reduce the impact of oil price changes on the industry and people's livelihood, the government will take appropriate measures to stabilize oil prices and related prices when necessary.

\r\n

(6) In response to the long-term upward trend of international oil prices, the government will actively plan and review long-term energy policies and oil price policies with reference to the conclusions of the National Energy Conference.

\r\n

Second, as a specific

\r\n

(1) The government's management of the market price of oil products shall be handled in accordance with the Petroleum Management Law. The government will only intervene in the oil products during the emergency period when the oil supply is insufficient or the oil price fluctuates greatly, which may affect the stable supply of domestic oil or national security. Market prices are limited.

\r\n

(2) The competent authority shall give the following specifications to the oil price adjustment of CNPC:

\r\n

1. Oil price adjustment should refer to reasonable international oil prices (such as spot FOB price or untaxed price of neighboring countries, etc.), and be supervised by the competent authority.

\r\n

2. When the international oil price fluctuates abnormally, in order to stabilize the domestic price, the profit target of CNPC can be adjusted appropriately.

\r\n

3. When the international oil price falls, it should be reflected in the oil price adjustment in a timely manner, so as to avoid giving the outside world the impression of \"rising more and falling less\" or \"only rising but not falling\".

\r\n

4. CNPC should fully disclose relevant financial information in comparison with listed/over-the-counter companies.

\r\n

5. CNPC shall not have any joint actions with Formosa Petrochemical, and shall strive to strengthen market competition.

\r\n

6. CNPC should formulate plans and specific goals for improving operating performance and reducing costs to ensure reasonable oil prices.

\r\n

(3) Instruct relevant agencies to perform their management and supervision responsibilities

\r\n

1. The relevant competent authorities shall strictly supervise the production and sales of petroleum in accordance with the Petroleum Management Law and the Fair Trade Law.

\r\n

2. The Ministry of Economic Affairs shall conduct regular assessments on CNPC, and if there are serious violations of the above-mentioned norms or non-compliance with expectations, it shall be punished or the person in charge shall be replaced.

\r\n

(4) The Economic Development Association should continuously observe and evaluate the impact of oil prices on prices and economic growth, and propose necessary financial measures in a timely manner to stabilize the economy.

\r\n

(5) The Executive Yuan will integrate relevant decision-making mechanisms within the hospital, comprehensively review and plan long-term energy policies and related industrial structure adjustment policies, and guide energy conservation and related policies accordingly, so as to cope with the advent of the era of high energy prices.

\r\n

Reference text: Executive Yuan Information Bureau http://info.gio.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=28172&ctNode=919

","filterTags":null,"image":{"url":"https://images.yep.com.tw/thumbnai/62833db36a11f/","width":2048,"height":2048},"created_at":"2022-05-17 14:11:54","updated_at":"2022-05-17 14:25:29"}]},"filterTags":[],"newsDetail":{"id":"07af0bf0-d5ab-11ec-8464-4574a758313d","image":{"url":"https://images.yep.com.tw/thumbnai/62833e856c2dd/","width":2507,"height":1673},"tag":"","title":"Precautions when using solvents","description":"","keywords":[""],"content":"

● Do not use mobile phones at work, do not smoke

\r\n

● Avoid static electricity and keep away from fire

\r\n

● In rainy days, avoid contact with rainwater as much as possible

\r\n

● Work as far upwind as possible to avoid inhaling solvent vapors

\r\n

● Avoid direct skin contact as much as possible

\r\n

● When poisoning occurs, move the person to a ventilated place, keep his body temperature, and seek medical attention immediately

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